Experimental Study on Transmission of Visible Light in Table Salt Water and Effect on Underwater Wireless Optical Communication



Abstract Views
523

Downloads
477

Citations

Share

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.sidebar##

Submitted Mar 1, 2022
Published Mar 22, 2022
10.24018/ejece.2022.6.2.425

Abstract viewed = 523 times

Table of Contents

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##

Underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) has advantages over other underwater communication methods. Some of these advantages are high data rates, large bandwidth, and less susceptibility to electromagnetic interference.  The transmission of light underwater is affected by absorption, scattering and turbulence. Sodium Chloride is one of the most abundant dissolved substances in seawater which cause attenuation of optical signals. In this work, the effect of table salt in water on transmission of visible light in the range 400nm – 800nm was investigated. Nine samples of 100 ml of pure water were prepared in which eight of the samples contain addition of table salt of 1g, 3g, 4.5g, 5.5g, 15g, 20g, 25g and 28g yielding different salt concentrations (salinity). The conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), and total dissolved salt of the samples were measured. Absorption spectra of visible light through these samples were obtained using a spectrophotometer. The results showed an increase in conductivity and attenuation with increase in the presence of the table salt in the water. Also, it was observed that at shorter wavelengths (blue light), there is higher attenuation with increase in salt concentration compared to longer wavelengths (red light). However, the attenuation tends to increase sharply around 700nm – 800nm. From the absorption spectra obtained for each sample, the absorptivity spectrum for the table salt was obtained which shows high absorptivity at shorter wavelengths and lower absorptivity at longer wavelengths. From the absorption coefficient values obtained from the measurements, performance of UWOC for selected samples at three wavelengths of 450nm, 550nm and 700nm with transmitter power of 30mW were evaluated by simulation using OptiSystem linked with MATLAB. For a maximum allowable Bit Error Rate (BER) of 10-9 in UWOC, achievable link distance reduces considerably as the salt concentration increases.

Keywords: absorbance attenuation bit error rate salinity underwater wireless optical communication

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

  1. Kaushal H, Kaddoum G. Underwater Optical Wireless Communication. IEEE Access, 2016; 5: 1518-1547.
     Google Scholar
  2. Shen C, Guo Y, Oubei HM, Ng TK, Liu G, Park K, Ho K, Alouini M, Ooi BS. 20 meter underwater wireless optical communication link with 1.5 Gbps data rate. Optical Society of America, 2016); 24(22): 25502-25509.
     Google Scholar
  3. Pegau W, Gray D, Zaneveld J. Absorption and attenuation of visible and near-infrared light in water: dependence on temperature and salinity. Optical Society of America, Applied Optics, 1997; 36(24): 6035-6046.
     Google Scholar
  4. Al-Azzawi Z, Abdulzahra N, Hammood I. Optical properties of tap-water purity using He-Ne laser with different power density. Journal of Al-Nahrain University, 2014; 17(3): 99-107.
     Google Scholar
  5. Li X, Liu L, Zhao J, Tan J. Optical properties of NaCl solution within the spectral range from 300nm to 2500nm at room temperature. Society for Applied Spectroscopy, 2015; 69(5): 635-640.
     Google Scholar
  6. Han X, Peng Y, Zhang Y, Ma Z, Wang J. Research on the attenuation characteristics of some inorganic salts in seawater. Journal of the European Optical Society Rapid Publications, 2015; 10: 15045-1- 15045-5.
     Google Scholar
  7. Mohammad VJ, Pirazh K, Arvin T, Ata C. Statistical Distribution of Intensity Fluctuations for Underwater Wireless Optical Channels in the Presence of Air Bubbles. IEEE Iran Workshop on Communication and Information Theory, pp. 1-6, 2016.
     Google Scholar
  8. Matthew L, Singh YP, Sharma S. An Extensive Study on Under-water Communication using LED /LASER Enabled Li-Fi Modules. International Journal of Innovative Research in Science Engineering and Technology, 2016; 5(11): 19435-19440.
     Google Scholar
  9. Kumar S, Prince S, Aravind JV, Kumar SG. Analysis on the effect of salinity in underwater wireless optical communication. Marine Geo-resources and Geo-technology, Taylor & Francis Group, 2019; pp.1-11. Doi: 10.1080/1064119X.2019.1569739.
     Google Scholar
  10. Adnan S, Hassan H, Alchlaby A, Kadhim A. Experimental study of underwater wireless optical communication from clean water to turbid harbour water under various conditions. International Journal of Design, Nature and Eco-dynamics (IJDNE), 2021; 16(2): 219-226.
     Google Scholar
  11. Elamassie M, Al-Nahhal, M, Kizilirmak, RC, Murat Uysal. Transmit Laser Selection for Underwater Visible Light Communication Systems. IEEE 30th Annual International Smposium on Personal Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, pp. 1-6, 2019.
     Google Scholar
  12. Elamassie M, Uysal M. Vertical Underwater Visible Light Communication Links. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 2020; 19(10): 6948-6959.
     Google Scholar
  13. Peters R. Using spectra measurements to differentiate between aqueous NaCl and aqueous KCl in dual salt-solutions. Master?s Thesis in the Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, 2016.
     Google Scholar
  14. Anguita D, Brizzolara D, Parodi G. VHDL Modules and Circuits for Underwater Optical Wireless Communication Systems. WSEAS Transactions on Communications, 2010; 9(9): 525-552.
     Google Scholar
  15. Zeng Z, Zhang H, Dong Y, Cheng J. A Survey of Underwater Wireless Optical Communication. IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials, 2016; 19(1): 1-62.
     Google Scholar
  16. Gabriel C, Khalighi M, Bourennane S, Leon P, Rigaud V. Investigation of Suitable Modulation Techniques for Underwater Wireless Optical Communication. International Workshop on Optical Wireless Communications, pp. 1-3, 2012.
     Google Scholar
  17. Gabriel C, Khalighi M, Bourennane S, Leon P, Rigaud V. Monte-Carlo-Based Channel Characterization for Underwater Optical Communication Systems. Optical Communication Networks, 2013; 5(1): 1-12.
     Google Scholar
  18. Sui M, Yu X, Zhang F. The Evaluation of Modulation Techniques for Underwater Wireless Optical Communications. International Conference on Communication Software and Networks, pp. 138-142, 2009.
     Google Scholar
  19. Jamali VM, Khorramshahi P, Tashakori A, Chizari A, Shahsavari S, AbdollahRamezani S, Fazelian M, Bahrani S, Salehi AJ. Statistical Distribution of Intensity Fluctuations for Underwater Wireless Optical Channels in the Presence of Air Bubbles. IEEE Iran Workshop on Communication and Information Theory, pp. 1-6, 2016.
     Google Scholar
  20. Elamassie M, Miramirkhani F, Uysal M. Channel Modeling and Performance Characterization of Underwater Visible Light Communications. IEEE International Conference on Communication Workshops, pp. 1-5, 2018.
     Google Scholar
  21. Jasman F, Green JR. Monte Carlo Simulation for Underwater Wireless Communications. International Workshop on Optical Wireless Communications, pp. 113-117, 2013.
     Google Scholar
  22. Anifowose AJ, Oyebode AW. Studies on heavy metals contents of Osun River at the pre-urban settlement and across Osogbo City, Nigeria. Journal of Taibah University for Science, 2019; 13(1): 318-323.
     Google Scholar
  23. Essien AL, Ofor CO. The physico-chemical characteristics of Imo River Estuary in southeastern Nigeria. Tropical Freshwater Biology, 2012; 21(1): 27-35.
     Google Scholar
  24. Ukpe ET, Ajayi TO. Marine fishery resources of Nigeria; a review of exploited fish stocks. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, pp.40-41, 1986.
     Google Scholar
  25. Onojake MC, Sikoki FD, Omokheyeke O, Akpiri RU. Surface water characteristics and trace metals level of the Bonny/New Calabar River estuary, Niger Delta, Nigeria. Applied Water Science, 2017; 7(2), 951-959. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-015-0306-y.
     Google Scholar
  26. Abowei J. Salinity, dissolved Oxygen, pH and surface water temperature conditions in Nkoro River, Niger Delta, Nigeria. Advance Journal of Food Science and Technology, 2010; 2(1): 36-40.
     Google Scholar
  27. Downing J. Effects of light absorption and scattering in water samples on OBS measurements. Campbell Scientific Inc; 2008, pp. 1-4.
     Google Scholar
  28. Ajibodu FA, Ojo BA. Performance Evaluation of the Maximum Achievable Bit Rate of a Next Generation TWDM Passive Optical Network. American Journal of Engineering Research, 2016; 5(1): 104-109.
     Google Scholar