European Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science https://ejece.org/index.php/ejece <table width="80%" cellpadding="10" align="center"> <tbody> <tr> <td rowspan="4" valign="top" width="20%"><img src="/public/site/images/zaratushtra/dergi_kapak2.jpg" alt="jets" align="left" border="0" hspace="10"> <button style="background: #10C9F5; cursor: pointer; font-size: 15px; font-style: bold; text-align: center; color: white; margin: 5px; padding: 5px 5px 5px 5px; border-radius: 15px; border: 2px solid #0D0A0A; width: 275px;" type="button"><strong>DOI</strong> : 10.240818/EJECE</button> <button style="background: #10C9F5; cursor: pointer; font-size: 15px; font-style: bold; text-align: center; color: white; margin: 5px; padding: 5px 5px 5px 5px; border-radius: 15px; border: 2px solid #0D0A0A; width: 275px;" type="button"><strong>ISSN</strong> : 2506-9853</button> <button style="background: #10C9F5; cursor: pointer; font-size: 15px; font-style: bold; text-align: center; color: white; margin: 5px; padding: 5px 5px 5px 5px; border-radius: 15px; border: 2px solid #0D0A0A; width: 275px;" type="button"><strong>Impact Factor</strong> : 0,69</button> <button style="background: #10C9F5; cursor: pointer; font-size: 15px; font-style: bold; text-align: center; color: white; margin: 5px; padding: 5px 5px 5px 5px; border-radius: 15px; border: 2px solid #0D0A0A; width: 275px;" type="button"><strong>Publication Frequency:</strong> Bimonthly</button> <button style="background: #10C9F5; cursor: pointer; font-size: 15px; font-style: bold; text-align: center; color: white; margin: 5px; padding: 5px 5px 5px 5px; border-radius: 15px; border: 2px solid #0D0A0A; width: 275px;" type="button"><strong>Country of Origin:</strong> Belgium</button></td> <td align="right" valign="bottom" width="20%" height="70px">Â&nbsp;<img src="/public/site/images/zaratushtra/new10_e0.gif" alt="gif" border="0"></td> <td align="left" valign="bottom" height="125px"><button style="background: #A2E3FF; cursor: pointer; font-size: 15px; font-style: bold; text-align: center; color: blue; padding: 8px 16px; border-radius: 10px; border: 2px solid #4CAF50; width: 300px;" type="button">CALL FOR PAPER -VOL. 2/ ISSUE 7, 2018</button></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" align="right" valign="top" width="20%">Â&nbsp;</td> <td align="left" valign="top" height="75px"><button style="background: #A2E3FF; cursor: pointer; font-size: 15px; font-style: bold; text-align: center; color: blue; padding: 8px 16px; border-radius: 10px; border: 2px solid #4CAF50; width: 300px;" type="button">SUBMIT YOUR PAPER FOR PEER REVIEW</button></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top"> <p style="font-size: 17px; margin: 6px;">SubmitÂ&nbsp;<a href="/index.php/ejece/user/register"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong>Online</strong></span></a>Â&nbsp;or byÂ&nbsp;<span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="mailto:editor@europapublishing.org"><strong>E-mail</strong></a></span> to<br>Â&nbsp;<a href="mailto:editor@ejece.org">editor@ejece.org</a></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table style="width: 100%;" cellpadding="7"> <tbody> <tr> <td>Â&nbsp; <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/jW1fB2qUlOU" width="450" height="250" frameborder="0"></iframe></td> <td valign="top" bgcolor="FAFAFA"> <p><span style="color: blue;">Â&nbsp;<strong><span style="font-size: 140%; color: blue;"> â–ºÂ&nbsp;</span> <span style="font-size: 140%; color: blue; text-decoration: underline;">What does EJECE do</span></strong></span> <strong><span style="font-size: 140%; color: blue;"> ?</span></strong><strong><em>Â&nbsp;</em></strong></p> <p><strong>European Journal of ElectricalÂ&nbsp;<strong>Engineering</strong> and Computer Science</strong>Â&nbsp;(EJECE) is a peer-reviewedÂ&nbsp;international journal publishes <strong>bimonthly</strong>Â&nbsp;full-length state-of-the-artÂ&nbsp;research papers, reviews, case studies related to <strong>all areas of <a href="/index.php/ejece/about/editorialPolicies#focusAndScope">Electrical Engineering and Computer Science</a></strong>.Â&nbsp;</p> <p>All submitted articles:</p> <ul> <li class="show">must be <strong>original</strong></li> <li class="show">must be<strong> previously unpublished research results</strong></li> <li class="show">must be <strong>experimental or theoretical</strong></li> <li class="show">and will be <strong>peer-reviewed</strong></li> <li class="show">may not be <strong>considered for publication elsewhere at any time during the review period</strong></li> </ul> <p><strong>Â&nbsp;</strong>EJECE is published by<strong>Â&nbsp;<a href="http://www.europapublishing.org">European Open Access Publishing (EUROPA Publishing)</a></strong>Â&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table style="width: 100%;" cellpadding="3"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" bgcolor="FAFAFA"> <p><strong>Â&nbsp; Â&nbsp; Â&nbsp;<span style="font-size: 140%; color: blue;">â–ºÂ&nbsp;<span style="text-decoration: underline;">How do we do it</span></span> <span style="font-size: 140%; color: blue;"> ?</span>Â&nbsp;Â&nbsp;</strong>Â&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>Open Access Policy</strong><br><br>EJECE provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available after publication on the journal website to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge.</p> <p><img src="/public/site/images/zaratushtra/open_access.jpg" alt=""></p> <hr align="left" width="250px"> <p><strong>Zero Tolerance for PlagiarismÂ&nbsp;</strong></p> <p>EJECEhas a policy of “Zero Tolerance on the Plagiarism”. We check the plagiarism issue through two methods: reviewer check and plagiarism prevention tool (iThenticate.com).</p> <p>All submissions will be checked by plagiarism prevention software before being sent to reviewers.</p> <p>Â&nbsp;<img src="/public/site/images/zaratushtra/no_plagiarism.jpg" alt=""></p> <hr align="left" width="250px"> <p><strong>Digital Archiving PolicyÂ&nbsp;</strong></p> <p>EJECEuses LOCKSS system as digital archiving policy. LOCKSS ensures the long-term survival of Web-based scholarly publications. Namely, your publication will remain digitally available forever for free under Creative Commons License.</p> <p><img src="/public/site/images/zaratushtra/clockss_lockss.png" alt=""></p> <hr align="left" width="250px"> <p>Â&nbsp;Â&nbsp;<strong>IndexingÂ&nbsp;</strong></p> <p><br><span class="auto-style5">All EJECE content is indexed withÂ&nbsp;<a href="http://www.crossref.org/">CrossRef</a>Â&nbsp;and assigned aÂ&nbsp;<a href="http://www.doi.org/">Digital Object Identifier (DOI)</a>. This means that all of our references are made available so that citations can be tracked by the publishing community.</span></p> <p><img src="/public/site/images/zaratushtra/indexing_policy21.jpg" alt=""></p> <hr align="left" width="250px"> <p>Â&nbsp; Â&nbsp; Â&nbsp; Â&nbsp; Â&nbsp; Â&nbsp; Â&nbsp; Â&nbsp; Â&nbsp; Â&nbsp; Â&nbsp; Â&nbsp; Â&nbsp; Â&nbsp; Â&nbsp; Â&nbsp; Â&nbsp; Â&nbsp; Â&nbsp; Â&nbsp; Â&nbsp; Â&nbsp; Â&nbsp; Â&nbsp; Â&nbsp; Â&nbsp; Â&nbsp; Â&nbsp; Â&nbsp; Â&nbsp; Â&nbsp; Â&nbsp;Â&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>Paper Selection and Publishing Process</strong></p> <p><em>a) Submission Acknowledgement</em></p> <p>When you submit a manuscript online, you will receive a submission acknowledgement letter sent by the online system automatically. For email submission, the editor or editorial assistant sends an e-mail confirmation to the submission’s author within one to three working days. If you fail to receive this confirmation, please check your bulk email box or contact the editorial assistant.</p> <p><em>b) Basic Review</em></p> <p>The editor or editorial assistant determines whether the manuscript fits the journal’s focus and scope. Next, a check for the similarity rate is done using CrossCheck, powered by iThenticate. Any manuscripts out of the journal’s scope or containing plagiarism, including self-plagiarism, are rejected.</p> <p><em>c) Peer Review</em></p> <p>We use a double-blind system for peer review; both reviewers’ and authors’ identities remain anonymousÂ&nbsp;to authors. The paper will be peer-reviewed by two or three experts;Â&nbsp;one is an editorial staff and the other two are external reviewers.Â&nbsp;The review process may take two to four weeks.</p> <p><em>d) DecisionÂ&nbsp;</em></p> <p>The decisionÂ&nbsp;(Acception, Revision or Decline)Â&nbsp;is based on the suggestions of reviewers. If there is a different opinion between reviewers, the editor will arrive to a balanced decision based on all the comments, or a second round of peer-reviewing may be initiated.<span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Â&nbsp;</span></p> <p><em>e) Publication Fee</em></p> <p>In order to start copyediting process, <a href="/index.php/ejece/about/submissions#authorFees">Paper Publication Fee</a>Â&nbsp;must be paid.Â&nbsp;</p> <p><em>f) Copyediting Process-Step </em>1 :<em>Â&nbsp;Journal Template Adaptation</em></p> <p>The authors need to re-edit the paper, using the template. The re-edited paper should use the template provided by us and meet the formatting requirements outlined in the Author Guidelines.</p> <p>All accepted manuscripts are obligated to adapt the layout of the paper according to the journal's template. EJERS provides a<span class="Apple-converted-space">Â&nbsp;</span><a href="https://www.ejece.org/upload/documents/EJECE_template.docx">.DOCX template format</a>, and also accepts<span class="Apple-converted-space">Â&nbsp;</span><a href="https://www.ieee.org/conferences/publishing/templates.html">IEEE journal LaTeX template format</a>.</p> <p><em>g) Copyediting Process-Step 2</em></p> <p>After receiving the revised paper. Our editing staff will work on the layout and format. After the process, we will invite you to check the paper again.</p> <p><em>h) Online Publication &amp; Indexing</em></p> <p>E-journal in .PDF Â&nbsp;format will be available on the journal’s webpage free of charge for download. In addition, a DOI identifier will be assigned to your paper, and you will be informed regarding to the DOI number.</p> <p>Â&nbsp;Â&nbsp;</p> <p>Â&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> European Open Science Publishing en-US European Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 2736-5751 <p>Authors retain the copyright of their work, and grant this journal the right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.</p> Understanding the Predictive Relationship Between Wireless Network Experience and Customer Churn https://ejece.org/index.php/ejece/article/view/696 <p class="p1">Wireless networks have transformed society, and their evolving capabilities support numerous economic and social goals. Continued investments in wireless technologies and network coverage by mobile network operators (MNOs) depends on their achieving a favorable return on investment. Retaining existing customers by reducing churn is the most financially efficient means to improve economic returns, however the causes of customer churn are not fully understood due to the lack of studies on the relationship between wireless network quality and customer churn. This quantitative study leveraged existing secondary data from one MNO containing nine network quality factors, which formed three network quality constructs in the model, measured in 646 counties for one month in combination with a partial least squares structural equation modeling methodology to evaluate the predictive value of the network quality factors on customer churn. The study further assessed the degree to which the predictive value varies based on the population density of each county. The surprising findings suggest that network quality does not predict a meaningful amount of customer churn (p &lt; 0.001), but that the relationship between the network quality factors and customer churn differs meaningfully depending on population density. These findings suggest ways that MNOs may fine-tune their network investments to achieve improvements in customer churn and financial results.</p> Michael Dienhart Qu Yanzhen Copyright (c) 2025 Michael Dienhart, Qu Yanzhen http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2025-04-03 2025-04-03 9 2 20 27 10.24018/ejece.2025.9.2.696 Enhancing Vulnerability Assessments for Electronic Voting Systems through an Augmented CVSS 3.1 Model https://ejece.org/index.php/ejece/article/view/683 <p class="p1">This paper explores the application of the Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) to electronic voting systems, highlighting how unique considerations in these environments can be more accurately captured with an enhanced model. By incorporating criteria from the Voluntary Voting System Guidelines (VVSG), this research addresses the limitations of traditional IT-based evaluations in assessing vulnerabilities within electronic voting systems. The enhanced model was validated using a dataset of real-world vulnerabilities, showing significant improvements in accuracy and prioritization through statistical analyses. The findings offer a repeatable and extensible method for cybersecurity practitioners and election officials to assess operational risks and implement mitigation strategies to protect electrical integrity.</p> Demetrice Rogers Yanzhen Qu Copyright (c) 2025 Demetrice Rogers, Yanzhen Qu http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2025-03-19 2025-03-19 9 2 10 14 10.24018/ejece.2025.9.2.683 Dynamic Modeling of on Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Setup in Pakistan using MATLAB https://ejece.org/index.php/ejece/article/view/681 <p class="p1">This research presents a computational modeling and simulation framework for grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems in Pakistan utilizing MATLAB/Simulink. Employing a Perturb and Observe (P&amp;O) MPPT algorithm, the research develops a detailed model of a 7.5 kW PV installation in Lahore, analytically examining power generation dynamics, inverter efficiency, and grid interaction. The simulation demonstrates the system’s capability to mitigate grid dependency, with results showing effective power optimization and smooth transitions between solar generation, grid supply, and battery storage. The study bridges knowledge gaps by providing empirical insights into real-time PV system electrical characteristics, presenting a methodological approach for optimizing renewable energy system design and deployment. By quantitatively analyzing power flow, inverter performance, and battery efficiency, the research contributes valuable computational strategies for enhancing solar energy integration in regions with high solar irradiation potential.</p> Waseem Ijaz M. Tariq Iqbal Copyright (c) 2025 Waseem Ijaz, M. Tariq Iqbal http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2025-03-11 2025-03-11 9 2 1 9 10.24018/ejece.2025.9.2.681 Low-Power 5G Protocols for Sustainable Communication in Rural and Remote Networks https://ejece.org/index.php/ejece/article/view/676 <p class="p1">While 5G technology has the ability to offer unparalleled connectivity and data speeds, high power consumption prevents its usage in rural and remote areas, where energy resources are often scarce and infrastructure is minimal. This paper provides a set of low-power 5G protocols designed to improve energy efficiency while maintaining reliable communication standards in under-served localities. Our proposed protocols incorporate adaptive protocol layering, energy-efficient modulation techniques, and advanced power-saving mechanisms, such as sleep modes and intelligent wake-up functionalities. This helps to reduce overall energy demand without compromising network performance. The findings suggest that, combined with renewable energy sources, these protocols offer a viable solution for extending 5G coverage to rural and remote areas, promoting greater digital inclusion and aligning with the aim of global sustainability.</p> Shaman Bhat Copyright (c) 2025 Shaman Bhat http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2025-02-13 2025-02-13 9 2 17 22 10.24018/ejece.2025.9.1.676 Revolutionizing Wireless Networks with Federated Learning: A Comprehensive Review https://ejece.org/index.php/ejece/article/view/671 <p class="p1">These days, with the rising computational capabilities of wireless user equipment such as smartphones, tablets, and vehicles, along with growing concerns about sharing private data, a novel machine learning model called federated learning (FL) has emerged. FL enables the separation of data acquisition and computation at the central unit, which is different from centralized learning that occurs in a data center. FL is typically used in a wireless edge network where communication resources are limited and unreliable. Bandwidth constraints necessitate scheduling only a subset of UEs for updates in each iteration, and because the wireless medium is shared, transmissions are susceptible to interference and are not assured. The article discusses the significance of Machine Learning in wireless communication and highlights Federated Learning (FL) as a novel approach that could play a vital role in future mobile networks, particularly 6G and beyond.</p> Sajjad Emdadi Mahdimahalleh Copyright (c) 2024 Sajjad Emdadi Mahdimahalleh http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2024-12-31 2024-12-31 9 2 33 45 10.24018/ejece.2024.8.6.671